About Happiness in Literature - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1445 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Happiness Essay Did you like this example? In the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin and the play, A Dolls House, by Henrik Isben, both undress the situation revolving around a persons belief and what society is set to believe. In, The Awakening, a female is lead to commit an enormous sin, adultery. Edna, from the novel, is held to responsibilities and titles that she knows are not fitted for her. So, Edna chooses to follow her spirit which make her feel free and alive, but in the end do lead to an unfortunate event. In, A Dolls House, a women struggles against social conformity causing a downfall in her marriage. Torvolt, from the play, is torn between the two ideas of ones values and societys values due to being blinded by his desire to be accepted. He knows that with following his beliefs theres a chance of happiness, but also exclusion from society he tries so hard to please. As a result he lets fear take over and tells him to stick with the patriarchal beliefs to be safe. Nora, from the play, does what she plea ses as long as Torvolt, her husband, does not know about her matriarchal actions. If she is caught she risks her marriage and children which she holds dear. The three characters test the topic by realizing the patriarchal societys wrongs and imagine themself being matriarchal which is supporting what they value. Chopin and Ibsen demonstrate that one must defy social norms to protect ones personal beliefs in order to achieve self discovery. This is presented by Edna, Torvolt, and Noras daily actions in their life. Ednas rebellion against the patriarchal world allows her to preserve her views and realize ones purpose in life. Edna is given responsibility, but denies it any attention because she values herself and sees no gain in her duties. One of Ednas duties since she is a parent is her children, to nurture and love them. ?I would give up the unessential; I would give my money, I would give my life for my children; but i wouldnt give myself. I cant make it more clear; its only so mething which I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself it me'(Chopin 47). Edna is not necessarily saying she would die for them as a way of giving up her life but rather money, clothes, and her status. When Edna says she would not give herself up, its an effort to say she will not give up her values, morals, beliefs, or anything that makes up her mental state. To prove that her views truly go against what society says are her actions and how they are perceived by other individuals. ?but she doesnt act well. Shes odd, shes not like herself. I cant make her out, and I thought perhaps youd help me'(65). Edna is finally back in the city and Robert, her dear companion, is now gone for Mexico. People believe that Edna is acting this way as a result of Robert being gone, but in reality this how she truly feels she should act. She has been acting this way because she knows this is not something she wants to be doing. In the end the world she lives in does not accept her wh ich she does not tolerate and swallow. She thought of L? ©once and the children. They were apart of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul. How Mademoiselle Reisz would have laughed, perhaps sneered, if she knew! (116). Edna does not let herself be devoured by the society that does not support her and instead chooses to be taken away by the heavens in hope to feel accepted. By disobeying and not living up to the expectations she is given she exemplifies not fitting into the worlds status quo. Torvolt ignores his values to secure his reputation in the social structure which leads to his self misery. Torvolt, seeming like a down to earth man, but is actual controlling in order to feel content in his life affairs, yet in the long run is still not satisfied. He is always worried about being in debt or owing others and living up to an expectation of a successful man and having an ideal family. In the end Torvolt and Nora have a serious di scussion and debate over being ones true self, which Torvolt believes is not necessary. NORA. I have other duties just as sacred. HEL. That you have not. What duties could those be? NORA. Duties to myself. HEL. Before all else you are a wife and a mother(Ibsen 68). He assumes that in order to feel free from the society one must follow its norms. Torvolt expresses that ones values should be based off of their role, but little does he know that accepting and believing in their beliefs will make let the individual feel whole. Torvolt also stresses the idea of morals, of right and wrong. HEL. I suppose you have some moral sense?You talk like a child. You dont understand the condition of the world in which you live. NORA. No, I dont. But now I am going to try. I am going to see if I can make out who is right, the world or I(69) Torvolt himself needs to understand the environment around him in order to justify his beliefs and tell if they are actually his. Torvolt unable to defend his belief will help him realize that they were never his to believe, and will learn what he believes is right. Torvolt is in a world under the patriarchal impression that prevents him from understanding sacrifice. I would gladly work night and day for you, Norabear sorrow and want for your sake. But no man would sacrifice his honor for the one he loves(70). Torvolt needs to sacrifice something dear to grasp the feeling it feels like to have gratitude and self satisfaction. Sacrificing someone or something dear helps you see little details that will help an individual cope with their lost. Torvolts ability to notice ones values will help maneuver him to accomplish his own. The way Nora handles the social norms help guide her to discover her own priorities. Nora defies the rules given to her by taking advantage of the any type power she knows she has. Nora is capable to survive the walls and boundaries that her husband, Torvolt, has set by creating her own decisions. [Puts the bag of macarons into her pocket and wipes her mouth] (2). Noras ownership of the macaroons gives her a taste of freedom and displays that she has thoughts of breaking free from the obligation that humanity upholds her to. Nora tends to depend on herself to keep the other individuals around her. MRS. L. And did your husband never get to know from your father that the money had not come from him(12). Nora knows that society and especially Torvolt would not be pleased with her actions so she keeps secrets and burdens to herself. To follow the norm Nora tries to stall, sacrifice, and think on her feet while playing doll house with her husband. NORA [quickly]. He mustnt get the letter. Tear it up. I will find some means of getting money(44). Nora tries to stall Mr. Krog from exposing her wrong deed to her husband by saying she will find the money, and that is also a way she thinks on her feet since she is so flustered. Noras courageous behavior lead her to take a step in life towards acknowledg ing her power and influence on the world. The novel and play prove that one shall stand up to the patriarchal ideals to shield the individuals value and views to accomplish ones character. Edna admits with actions that she does not care for the norms and will not follow them. Torvolt during his conversations with Nora reveals what he needs to be open-minded and sacrifice to feel self fulfillment. Nora unrolls how she deals with the norm, which she cannot handle, with the help of Kristine. For their actions of understanding themself, others and society each character was able to grow spiritually as a person. As a society we are restricted to fully express our emotions and thought, and have to give confidence to our self to share our ideas that will be rejected by some form of group in the world. Everyone in the world struggles with finding their purpose in life, what they believe in, what could be right and wrong, and telling if what they think is okay think because instead of being embraced for the knowledge they carry, they are shunned. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Happiness in Literature" essay for you Create order

Effects Of Gender Inequality On Children - 1275 Words

After colonization and gender inequality began to exist, there were causes and there were effects of gender inequality in Nigeria and these effects were: Child Mortality: According to Unicef, Nigeria loses about 2,300 under five-year-olds and 145 women of childbearing age every single day and this makes Nigeria the second largest contributor to under-five and maternal mortality rate† (Unicef). What people tend to forget is that this is an effect of gender inequality, gender inequality decreases maternal health and can harm children both the unborn and born kids. Gender inequality increases the incidence of low birth and malnourished kids and this causes the death of kids before the age of five. If these women were educated or at least taken a better hospital and not depending on their village herbs and all those medicines, then the rate of child mortality will be decreased in Nigeria. This is also a part of the UN millennium development goals, so as to reduce the rate of child mortality and help this women learn more about how to take care of themselves since they were never educated because they are â€Å"Women†. No rights to properties: Some women in Nigeria have no right to own a property or even inherit a land as it seen as an abomination in some traditions. Generally, land ownership is very rare among women in Nigeria, and this affects their ability to make income especially women in the rural areas. For example, when a man leaves all sorts of wealth to his children,Show MoreRelatedGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. These inequalities between women and men have been around since the beginning of time and will always be a factor. Gender inequality can be seen in many different ways across our society today. One major area that this inequality can be seen is in the workforce. There are many women who have jobs in today’sRead More1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of800 Words   |  4 Pages1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of estimating growth models within the economics discipline. Early models took labor as a ‘given’ factor of production, exogenously determined by rates of population growth. There was very little coverage for exploring the human, leave alone the gender, dimensions of growth in these models (Walters, 1995). 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Gender inequality refers to disproportionate dealing or assessmentsRead MoreAchieving Gender Equality : Education1520 Words   |  7 PagesAchieving Gender Equality: Education in China In Gish Jen’s short story Who s Irish?, the main character is a determined Chinese grandmother who moved to America with her husband when she was a young woman, and now, in her old age, she is nearing her limit when she cannot handle her granddaughter s behavior and how she is being raised. The story was written in 1956 and while reading it a question of interest grew in knowing about gender inequality in China and if it has changed in the last severalRead MoreHnc Poverty Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pages| |absolute and relative poverty. You will also read about the relationship between poverty and inequality, covering the types of | |inequality between gender and class and also, the extent of poverty in the current British context. I will also cover causes of | |poverty and inequality using sociological theories. Ending this report you will read into the effects of poverty and inequality in | |relation to behaviour, experiences and life chances on young people. Read MoreGender Inequality And Its Impact On Children s Developmental Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing inequalities, it is easy to overlook gender inequality because race inequality is prevalent and easily recognizable. Like racial inequality; gender inequality is also a real issue in America. Gender stereotypes are perpetuated throughout our lifetime beginning when we are children. Early on, children learn what is means to be a boy or girl from societal standards. Children begin to suffer from the boys versus girl’s mentality which is evident in the social behavior of children. Children’sRead MoreRacial Segregation And The Educational Institution964 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals of every race, gender, and background experience while growing up. Since social class is determined in large part by education, the effects of education carry forward into the rest of each per son’s life even after they’ve long left the institution itself (Roy, lecture 10). In his lecture on the institution, Professor Roy adds that education allows for a path to social mobility while also reproducing inequalities. This paradox can be seen in both race and gender – albeit in varying degreesRead MoreGender Inequality Within The World1088 Words   |  5 PagesToday most children in the United States attend classes where gender equality exists. Students have classes in which both boys and girls are treated equally and are friends with one another and that is all that they have ever known. However, this is not always the case in every country. As of 2015, 53% of the children who are not attending school throughout the world are female (11 Facts About...). Gender inequality is an important issue that needs to be focused on and fixed throughout the worldRead MoreFamily And Education : A System Of Behavioral And Relationship1083 Words   |  5 Pagesinstitu tions are the family, and education. Before reading the chapters on these two institutions, I did not realize how big of an effect each of them actually plays on the lives of everyone, including myself. These institutions not only have an effect on the outcome of the lives of people in society but they also have major effects on the gender differences and inequalities evident in our culture. Family and education are two necessities one cannot escape in this society so the role they play in their

Unplugged Mobile Phone and Portable Music Player Free Essays

Unplugged The world is full of technology; Almost everywhere you look you will see some form of technology, from a cellphone that can speak to you, to a computer that can run anything your heart desires. As Martin Lindstorm writes in his article â€Å"Friends who have accidentally left home without their iPhones tell me they feel stressed-out, cut off and somehow un-whole. † (Lindstorm). We will write a custom essay sample on Unplugged: Mobile Phone and Portable Music Player or any similar topic only for you Order Now People tend to be overly attached to their phones, as if they were people capable of loving them back. I see how this could be possible because your phone does connect you to the people that you care about and when you can’t contact them life is a little bit more difficult. The people of this country seem to always need the fastest and newest piece of technology, often because it is viewed as a part of one’s social status. For this assignment I was tasked with going a full 24 hours without using technology. Since, society is so connected, I found this project to be very interesting, and relevant to the present day. This seemed like it would be an easy task that would not take much effort or thought; however a simple 24 hours unplugged from technology subsequently unplugged me from the world. I have never seen myself as someone who needs their devices so much; however we often learn new things about ourselves. Once I began tracking my usage I noticed for the first time how much I use technology. I thought that I only used my phone and other technology when the situation required it as well as a little bit of recreational use. In my usage log I recorded mostly a few texts, my laptop usage and the movie I watched on my Xbox. I did more in my trial period then my log shows. I texted more then it displays; I really texted people once or twice to set up plans with them to hang out later in the day. I also did not record every time I checked my phone for the time; I forgot at the start and then realized that my phone is really just a rectangular clock. I realized that I use my phone mostly just to see what time it is because I always have it on me so it is always the first place I look for the time, instead of running around trying to find a clock. It opened my eyes to my frequent usage and excellently foreshadows my experiences the next week. Getting away from technology is a difficult task today. I found my hardest task was not stopping myself from using technology but instead distracting myself from those who were using it. In an article for Time magazine, Dalton Conley writes, â€Å"children ages 8 to 18 spend 7 hours and 38 min. a day using entertainment media† (Conley). People are using their technology all the time, making difficult to avoid. For example, my roommate loves his music and it was impossible for me to be in my room without listening to it so in this aspect I failed to go the full 24 hours. Still, I made it through most of the day without technology but I was left thinking that the only true way to be able to successfully complete this assignment is to stop everyone from using technology. Today everyone has some kind of a phone, portable music player or handheld game. This is why this assignment is so difficult, because even though you are not allowed to use technology everyone else is. Every junction yields a reminder that the use of technology is restricted; a reminder of what you cannot do which then provokes you to break the rules. My experience was not difficult because of my deprivation but because everyone else still could. We rely so much on technology and to be the only one not using it makes the world just seem to pass by. Time seems to slow down, and the more I think about it, is not because I couldn’t use technology to pass the time but because everyone else still was. My 24 hours unplugged were spent doing almost nothing. I decided to go from 6pm on Friday to 6pm on Saturday, not that smartest idea. I started hanging out with my friends about 15 minutes before 6, which was good so that I could hang out with them without having to use technology to make plans. But the next morning was a different story. I didn’t plan for the morning because I wasn’t thinking of the fact that I wouldn’t be able to use technology. So I wound up just sleeping until about noon and then didn’t really do much for the rest of the time. I tried to study some chemistry but to no avail to do to the fact that I needed to look something up but I couldn’t. Experiences can change us. We can look at the world completely differently because of one small adjustment to our routine. This assignment has changed my perception of myself. I started out thinking that I didn’t really use technology much and that it didn’t completely run my life and that I could live without it. However; now that I have grown used to my phone in my pocket and my laptop on my desk, they are comfortable parts of my life and are hard to do without. I don’t know if I could go longer than 24 hours but I think I would be willing to try this again with a different view and a etter plan of attack; a view that technology is important in my life and a better understanding of how I use it. Admittedly I had a bit of trouble finishing this assignment but I think it is because I could not escape technology, it was everywhere I turned. In an article by Tamar Lewin, the author noted â€Å"The average young American now spends practically every waking minute à ¢â‚¬â€ except for the time in school — using a smart phone, computer, television or other electronic device, according to a new study from the Kaiser Family Foundation. (Lewin). Most of society is wrapped around their technology unable of putting it down. I now acknowledge that I need technology to stay connected to the world and up to date with my homework. It is a vital part of my life that previously I did not think was essential to my day to day life. I saw technology as a toy to be enjoyed but now I see it as a very important tool to accomplish the task at hand. How to cite Unplugged: Mobile Phone and Portable Music Player, Papers

Knowledge Management for Technology and Structure-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theKnowledge Management for Technology and Structure. Answer: Critique of Analysis Knowledge management refers to the systematic management of an organizations knowledge asset in a bid to create value and strategies towards success through enabling information and knowledge flow between people at the right time. Implementation of knowledge management calls for selection of the right people, processes, technology, structure, and a matching culture to initiate knowledge transfer (Alavi Leidner, 2001). The analysis on the knowledge management remains incorrect and likely to cause a crisis. Uninstalling of the knowledge management system is not the best remedy for the situation. Knowledge management might result in a slough if it is implemented in a wrong manner and will require structural changes as a result. The decrease in return on investment might be cause by a wrong implementation strategy and consideration in place (Alavi Leidner, 2001). Selecting the wrong people or target group, improper use of technology, structures, and lack of preparation can result in a disruption. Hence, it is proper to consider a number of factors during an implementation stage. The right people for the change have to be selected to ensure the right influence of knowledge to others. At the same time, individuals in the organization ought to be prepared for change and their concerns addressed for full implementation to take place. An organizations culture should be changed progressively to match the knowledge acquisition required (Donate de Pablo, 2015). At the same time, use of the right model of communication and technology has to be applied along with involved individuals undergoing training to match the required change. Initiating change with the wrong communication channel leads to reduced productivity among workers. Thus, a knowledge sharing culture has to be cultivated and the right procedures involved in achieving the benefits of knowledge management. Thus, the organization should focus on strengthening the system through a monitoring and evaluation plan to ascertain the steps missed during implementation and take necessary changes. Knowledge management remains of essence to organizations and thus cannot be trashed away. Pros and Cons of Transfer Process Socialization is the most probable means of knowledge transfer. The process involves personal presence of an expert with the persons in need of knowledge thus fostering an easy transfer of tacit knowledge. The process is important as individuals can observe, act, and ask questions in the process of implementation. The ease of association assists in grabbing much knowledge on given aspects. However, it is difficult for the tacit knowledge to be passed over to people in distant locations given the presence needed between an expert and the other party in need of knowledge (Webb, 2017). Moreover, using simple forms to communicate a given message assists in getting the layout on target issues and processes involved in the provided information. The documentation assists in future referencing and understanding of key aspects of a process. However, the process remains challenging in the acquisition of tacit knowledge as the real and practical knowledge and skills remain hard to transfer (Martn-de Castro, 2015). As a result, half knowledge is passed leading to lack of experience and real time transfer of knowledge. Best Approach A direct transfer through socialization is probable as persons of similar tasks can grasp aspects quickly through observation as well as actual engagement in a particular knowledge process. The lesson learned approach can also assist in ensuring that the mistakes made are not repeated and thus boost the process and speed of knowledge acquisition. Transfer to Multiple Parties I would recommend socialization accompanied with showing your work approach. As a result, apart from giving out instructions, an individual is expected to generate a video or visual explanation of the task being tackled. The recipient individuals all over the world can repeatedly watch one doing and compare with the explicit knowledge thus gaining experience therein. The approach not only provides internalization but also gives a procedural approach to the recipients of knowledge. References Alavi, M., Leidner, D. E. (2001). Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS quarterly, 107-136. Donate, M. J., de Pablo, J. D. S. (2015). The role of knowledge-oriented leadership in knowledge management practices and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 360-370. Martn-de Castro, G. (2015). Knowledge management and innovation in knowledge-based and high-tech industrial markets: The role of openness and absorptive capacity. Industrial Marketing Management, 47, 143-146. Webb, S. P. (2017). Knowledge management: Linchpin of change. Routledge.

Importance of the Documentation with Regards to Patient Care

The move by the state agency to fine a nursing care facility due to spelling and grammatical errors made by the staff with the charting of patient care was an appropriate measure. This is so because of the critical role that documentation plays in ensuring that quality health care is administered to patients. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of the Documentation with Regards to Patient Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To begin with, the records of patients are legal documents. This means that the documents can be used in legal proceedings. Secondly, if an occurrence or observation is not charted, then it is considered not to have happened. Charting is also important in the health care industry. In this case, the basic standards of care dictate that any health practitioner should understand a chart that has been charted by another colleague. In this case, they should be able to interpret the condi tion of the patient and his/her care correctly. Another important aspect of documentation with regards to patient care is that the document is used in financial reimbursement. The document is evaluated by third parties to ascertain the viability of compensation. Another key factor to consider is the legality of patients’ records. They may be used as a basis for entering a law suit against malpractice. An expert in this case reviews the document and ascertains its quality and the appropriateness of care administered to the patient (Iyer, Levin, Shea and Ashton 16). Following the reasons highlighted above, it can be noted that the charting of patient care is very vital in health care provision. Therefore, it should be conducted in a systematic, organized, and coherent manner and should reflect the true state of the patient. Having a medical record that is accurate is the best defense that any nurse can have. Having records that are not grammatically correct or have spelling e rrors can have serious implications. Wrong documentation can endanger the life of the patient. It may lead to overdosing patients. This has been the case with a lot of diabetic patients who are often given overdoses of insulin due to wrong charting. Furthermore, the document may be misinterpreted by different people and may lead to confusion, and in case of any mishaps, the facility may be sued or the nurse responsible restricted from practicing (â€Å"Nursing Know-How: Charting Patient Care†, 4).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If I was the manager of a facility that has had problems with nurses charting wrongly, I would take precautions to ensure that charting is done correctly. In the case of nurses making spelling and grammatical errors, the nurses may be making these errors due to charting speedily. I would carry out a sensitization program where the nurses are se nsitized on the importance of taking their time to chart so as to avoid unnecessary errors. If some of the errors are due to the nurses failing to know the correct spelling or grammar to use, then the facility can organize a part time training for nurses with difficulties in grammar. This will help them improve their grammatical skills. They can also liaise with their colleagues to assist them in that area (â€Å"Nursing Know-How: Charting Patient Care†, 7). Proper documentation should be accurate and void of any vagueness. This will depict a clear picture of the patients’ condition. A good chart should include only information that is objective. This means that a nurse should write what he/she can smell, hear, feel and see among others. Charting should also be done in a legible manner where others are able to read what is written. In the case where an individual cannot read a chart done by another nurse, the individual should inquire from the person who wrote it inst ead of making assumptions that may endanger the patients’ life. Other things like ensuring the recording is done on the correct chart and charting immediately after each care is given are also important (Iyer, Levin, Shea and Ashton 18). Works Cited Iyer, Patricia W., Barbara J. Levin, Mary A. Shea, and Kathleen Ashton. Medical Legal Aspects of Medical Records. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers Judges Pub. Co, 2006. Print. Nursing Know-How: Charting Patient Care. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of the Documentation with Regards to Patient Care specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Importance of the Documentation with Regards to Patient Care was written and submitted by user Jaydin Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication theories

Communication theories Introduction Communication is the process through which information is conveyed, and involves the sending and receiving of the message. It is a platform that develops, maintains and improves relationships among individuals and groups. However, in some cases, it can be the destroyer of relationships. There are several definitions of communication depending on ones point of view.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Communication theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been described as the transition of information to ignite response, sharing of information and ideas among many other definitions. The word communication was adopted from a Latin word communis. The world has gone through several revolutions including communication revolution. Communication has come a long way due to the help of the consistent development of better communication equipment and technological development (Aggarwal Gupta, 2001). Today, the communication world is sophisticated due to the many technological advances that have been witnessed. There have been numerous studies conducted in the field of digital communication. These studies have been the driving force of this technological advancement. The world is driving towards the digital communication though this has not been achieved mostly in the developing countries (Thomas Chandra, 2006). Mass communication started in the fifteenth century by the invention of Johannes Gutenberg’s from printed information to moving information type. Printed information developed in the nineteenth century. Moving press information was aided by the improved transport system, the development of the telegram, and the invention of the telephone (Aggarwal Gupta, 2001). Literature review The media industry in India has proliferated in the past recent years. The first Indian newspaper was printed in 1780, which is about two hundred years ago. Initially, the Indian media were divided into electronic and print media. The electronic media include television and radios. On the other hand, the print media include newspaper, magazines, and journals. The present technological advancement obliterated this divide. Mass media are instruments that have shaped the social lives of the society of the word and not just in India. There are three types of communication theories: the common sense theory, the working theory and the scholar’s theory. The common sense theory is created by the individual’s personal experiences and is useful to other people about how to communicate. The working theory is about the best way to do things. On the other hand, the scholars theory has undergone a systematic research, and the result provides an accurate and abstract understanding for the communication (Aggarwal Gupta, 2001).Advertising Looking for research paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cognitive dissonance theory This theory concerns the incompatibility between people’s beliefs and actions. People deal with dissonance by avoiding hearing contradictory news of their own, seek reassurance after tough decisions are made, and try to change personal beliefs to match public behavior. A dissonance reaction can be explained by self affirmation and personal responsibility. This theory implies that influence is an intra-personal event that occurs when there is tension between attitude and an individual behavior. This tension is ultimately solved by either influencing behavior or attitude. There are three relationship possibilities between behavior and beliefs. It can be irrelevant, consonance or dissonance. The irrelevance explains when there is no relationship between behavior and belief. Consonance can be an explanation when the two stimuli achieve congruence or balance. A dissonance is used to explain a relationship between two stimuli th at contradict each other. The level of dissonance felt by an individual is affected by the ones rationalism, dissonance ratio that is the weight of discomfort one feels (Miller, 2005). An individual’s experience with different topics also affects the weight of dissonance. These individuals are likely to show selective exposure, selective attention, selective retains and selective interpretation. The selective exposure helps individuals to avoid information that related to a previous behavior or belief. Selective attention helps one to pay attention to only that information that support ones belief while disregarding the opposing views. Selective perpetration is a mind struggle where one interprets the information to suit ones belief. Selective retains is when one only retain the information that upholds information supporting ones belief while forgetting others. A cognitive dissonance theory is also considered as a post decision theory. According to this theory, a decision is made with disregard to any information opposite to ones belief or behavior. The media have the challenge with this group of individuals. In this case, it does not matter what information one conveys unless it supports their beliefs. Even the extraction of information from the group is also dangerous. This way, the group interprets information to match their belief same way they provide information that matches their beliefs. Thus, such information may not be accurate. The media should try bridging this gap so that the information receivers are influenced to create cognitive harmony (Dainton Zelley 2005). Cultivation theory/analysis This theory implies that the television and media play an important role in how people perceive the world. In this modern world, people get information through the media rather than from direct experiences. Therefore, these sources have shaped peoples sense of reality especially when it comes to violence. This theory almost refers to one form of media, which is the television. Thus, there are many assumptions in the cultivation theory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Communication theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Television is widely used by the Indian society. The television has influenced its audience perception about the social reality. The television has limited side effects, there are other factors that affect one’s view on social reality apart from the television. The violent television is known not to affect everyone. According to the theory, only individuals with social attitudes are affected as they become a pessimist with increased television watching. Violence is not just a physical force as it happens with or without the physical force to others or on one’s self. A mean world syndrome is the term used to describe the condition experienced by the pessimists. This happens when the nature of violence on the ground does no t match the way it is perceived on the television. It affects heavy television watchers more than light watchers. Sometimes the media show more violent incidences repeatedly and for a longer time as compared to positive peaceful occurrences. The media have the responsibility to air both positive and negative social occurrence to enhance a good relationship with viewers. An example is how the demonstration is sometimes carried out after a certain conflict or violence is shown on television. The intensity of such demonstration depends on how the violence is shown on television (Dainton Zelley, 2005). Group-think theory This occurs when a given group fails to solve the group differences effectively through consideration of the best possible alternatives. Group theorists explain that members of a certain group think similarly most of the time. Therefore, at times, they fail to share dissimilar opinions with others. In such a case, the group may make premature decisions with daring cons equences. The group-think is not a good idea sometimes especially when the group’s values are overridden by the unanimity of opinions. The group-think idea was designed to examine and predict how a certain group makes poor decisions. There are three situations that may cause group think to occur (Dainton Zelley 2005). Cohesion: This refers to the extent of group solidarity. A group that is bound is likely to do a group-think. This is due to the likeliness that the group members have similar interests and thus share opinions. Structural flaws: This is the reason that brings the group together. Some groups are formed after being isolated and abandoned by a larger group. Group think can occur in situations where the decision is intended not to agree with the leaders opinion whether the leaders is right or not. It is common under biased leadership. If a group fails to follow procedural measure in decision making or lack the decision making process resulting into group-think. Si tuational characteristics: This happens when an abnormal situation forces a team to make certain decisions such as stress. Some assumptions made during the formation of the group can result into poor decision making as a result of group-think. An example is an assumption that the group will never fail or group has good characters so eve the decisions they make are good. Close minds and the pressure towards uniformity can also influence group-think. The group-think is not easy to deal with unless the group is split such that they are treated as individuals. However, it is not true that group-think is always not a good idea in decision making. Communication accommodation theory This perspective underlies what happens when two speakers change their communication styles. This theory implies that two people or groups can sometimes change how to communicate to accommodate another group. This happens through divergence or convergence. A group that is bound by racial or ethnic background m ay use divergence communication style to show group identity. Divergence happens when the same group seeks a social acceptance to be approved by powerful individuals or groups (Baran, Baran Davis, 2012). This theory explains the changes in one’s language or speech. It provides an informative solution to cultural differences in regards to language and speech. Accommodation in a group occurs when one has a sense of belonging to a group. On the other hand, the accommodation out of the group occurs when one does not experience a sense of belonging to the group. A convergence individual has to change his/her speech to match that of the conversational colleague. A divergent speech is used when conversing with an unattractive personality to show differentiation. An example is when the teacher changes language and speech tone when disciplining pupils (Dainton Zelley, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positive effects Negative effects Convergence -Increased attraction -Social approval -Increased persuasion -Incorrect stereotypes of out-group -Loss of personal identity Divergence -Protects cultural identity -Asserts power differences -Perceived lack of effort -Increased psychological distance The media are sometimes forced to be the convergent persona. This happens when seeking information from a tribal group that may not be welcoming (Dainton Zelley, 2005). Social learning and social penetration theory A social exchange theory indicates that for self satisfaction interest between people depends on the interpersonal relationship. Self interest is not a negative thing all the time since it can sometimes enhance a relationship. It is just like batter trade as people get satisfaction as long as they receive as much as they spend. Social penetration is slow and predictable as it primarily starts with self disclosure and progresses into an intimate relationship. Self disclo sure can bring people together or put one in a more vulnerable position. This theory can explain why some relationship nourishes while others end usually based on satisfaction. There are three assumptions in this theory. First, relationships are based on the cost and benefits balance. Secondly, people want to receive maximum benefits while limiting expenses as much as possible. Lastly, humans are selfish. The core component of this theory is that relationships come with benefits and costs and the outcome is the difference between the reward and the costs. The next component of the social exchange theory is the comparison level, which is ones reward expectations in a relationship. Another component is the comparative level of all possible alternatives. Satisfaction is not enough for a relationship to continue or end as the predictable value of other alternative relationship determine whether a relationship survives or not. The professional media needs to have a good relationship betw een the viewers and information providers. Having a good relationship with both parties will determine whether a certain journalist progress in career or not. For example, a journalist of a certain media house should maintain a good relationship with the politician so as to access information from the politician another time. If that politician’s view is shown in a negative way that he/she does not like, then the relationship ends and the journalist may not find another time to get information from the same politician (Dainton Zelley 2005). Uncertainty reduction theory The theory is based on how people new to each other try to reduce their uncertainty levels upon meeting each other. This happens when people perceive how the opponent will behave or what the other person think about them. People use communication to reduce the uncertainty levels. Human social life has many ambiguities and thus this theory tends to explain why, how and when people use communication to reduce th eir doubts that may arise when talking to new individuals or groups. The uncertainty is reduced when interacting with individuals one is likely to see again. The uncertainty value is the driving force behind the interaction as one would want to know the rewards of such interaction. Uncertainty can either be behavioral or cognitive. There are three uncertainty reduction strategies. They include passive, active and interactive strategies. The passive strategy is when one obtains the surrounding information to develop a clue about a given group of people or about an individual. The active strategy involves the use of another person to understand a situation or a person. The interactive strategy is when one goes straight to another person and asks questions about things that one may not understand. This is achieved by asking as many questions as possible and get enough information. Most media groups through their journalists use all the three strategies during and before investigations. Journalists are required to know enough about situations before reporting. This is meant to ensure that the information given is as accurate as possible. Therefore, journalists should employ the use of all the three strategies (Dainton Zelley, 2005). Conclusion There are several communication theories that are no discussed above. Communication students can use these theories to understand the theoretical communication field work. Some of these theories are applied to journalism, and should be understood by journalists as they determine whether one will succeed in efforts to look for reports, news or while doing investigations. The application of the theories varies depending on the cultural diversity. Therefore, the cultural background knowledge is important to match a given theory. References Aggarwal, V.B. Gupta, V.S. (2001). Handbook of journalism and mass communication. New Delhi: Concept. Baran, S.J. Baran, S.J. Davis, D.K. (2012). Mass communication theory: Foundations, fe rment, and future. Boston, MA: Wadsworth. Dainton, M. Zelley, E.D. (2005). Applying communication theory for professional life: A practical introduction. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. Miller, K. (2005). Communication theories: Perspectives, processes, and contexts. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Thomas, T.G., Chandra, S.S. (2006). Communication theory. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub.

Performing arts business management marketing in Asia Essay

Performing arts business management marketing in Asia - Essay Example In the light of these changes, it is interesting to explore how the performing arts manage to survive and continue to provide an offering that has meaning to the customers. The current paper studied the organizational, structural and marketing aspects of orchestra organizations in the United States and Taiwan. A comparative analysis on the case studies developed for six orchestras, the New York Philharmonic, The Chicago Orchestra, The Cleveland Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra in the US and National Symphony Orchestra and The National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra in Taiwan was undertaken. The findings revealed important difference in the ownership and marketing of the orchestras in the United States and in Taiwan. It was also found that the level of audience development in the United States was high as compared to that of Taiwan, where orchestra performances and other performing arts were not considered as an attractive option to popular music and sports. The paper provided use ful insights, like the need to provide more flexibility to the operational and functional aspects of orchestra, the need to involve people with musical and marketing backgrounds in the management and administrative functions instead of putting bureaucrats at the helm, and the need to focus on the market and customer preferences as opposed to forging ahead with a pre-pared program agenda. Performing arts include music, dance, theater and other forms of life arts that are staged in front of an audience.1 These arts provide not only entertainment to the audience, but at times act as settings for social interactions or as promoting cultural education.2 In some cases, it has been found that people relate their self-identity and self-esteem with the type of performing arts that they patronize.3 There is a wide range of experiences that the audience may drive from the Performing Arts. These may include, in addition to the creating a social experience for those who